Introduction

Consider the body as a machine. Just like a car needs clean fuel to run smoothly, the body needs a clean environment to stay healthy. If it is exposed to pollutants or toxins, it’s like putting dirty fuel into the engine—it can lead to various health issues over time. Environmental health helps us recognize these dangers and find ways to avoid them.

What is Environmental Health?

Environmental health is the study of how environmental factors impact human health. It looks at how things like air pollution, dirty water, and harmful chemicals can impact well-being. This field investigates how exposure to these toxins can contribute to a range of health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, digestive problems, mental health disorders, and skin diseases. By understanding these environmental connections, individuals can make informed decisions to enhance their well-being and mitigate health risks.

Why is it Important?

Caring about environmental health isn't just about avoiding pollution; it’s about optimizing health over the long term. Focusing on environmental health has significant benefits for overall well-being, longevity, mental health, and even professional performance:

• Preventative health and chronic disease management: A cleaner environment means fewer toxins entering the body, leading to fewer chronic illnesses. Reducing exposure to pollutants, and cleaner air and water helps to lower the risk and incidence of serious chronic diseases such as heart disease, respiratory conditions, and cancer, leading to better health outcomes and more effective disease management.^1,2
• Longevity and healthspan: Optimizing environmental health contributes to a longer healthspan, the period of life spent in good health, which is more critical than lifespan alone.³ Reducing exposure to harmful substances supports healthier aging and longer life.⁴ These improvements can decrease the prevalence of age-related diseases and support a longer, healthier life.⁵
• Boosting mental clarity: Pollutants don’t just affect the heart and lungs; they can also impact the mind. Clean air and water are important for good brain health. Reducing exposure to harmful substances can help prevent cognitive issues and improve mood, focus, and cognitive function⁶. Reducing exposure to pollutants helps reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Cleaner environments decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, lowering risk.⁷ Better air quality and reduced pollutants help maintain focus and attention, leading to improved outcomes.⁸ Cleaner environments reduce the burden of pollutants that impair attention and focus,⁹ which can support higher productivity and professional success.
• Improving athletic performance: Optimizing environmental health can enhance athletic performance by improving air quality, which boosts respiratory function and cardiovascular health, leading to better physical endurance.¹⁰ A healthy environment supports physical energy and mental sharpness, which are essential for athletic performance.¹¹
• Sense of vibrancy and energy: A cleaner environment contributes to a greater sense of vitality and overall energy, enhancing the ability to engage actively in daily life. Healthier, greener, and cleaner environments encourage physical exercise and engagement with the natural world, leading to improved mental, physical, and cognitive health.¹² Cleaner environments promote better physical and mental well-being, leading to increased feelings of enthusiasm, aliveness, and energy.¹³

Focusing on environmental health not only helps reduce disease but also enhances the overall quality of life and contributes to the well-being of the planet. This approach creates a beneficial outcome for both people and the environment.

Root Cause Approach to Environmental Health

Environmental health significantly impacts overall health by influencing the root causes of many diseases and conditions. From a root cause medicine perspective, understanding the connection between environmental factors and human health allows us to address the underlying causes rather than just the symptoms of illnesses. For example, chronic exposure to environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can lead to systemic inflammation, oxidative stress,¹⁴ and hormonal imbalances,¹⁵ which are implicated in a range of chronic diseases like autoimmune disorders,¹⁶ cardiovascular diseases,¹⁷ and neurological conditions.¹⁸ By identifying these environmental toxins, we can better understand how they contribute to disease development and tailor preventive and therapeutic strategies accordingly.

From a root cause medicine standpoint, addressing these environmental influences is essential for effective disease management and prevention. This approach involves identifying and reducing exposure to harmful substances, supporting the body's natural detoxification processes, and promoting a balanced, healthy lifestyle.¹ Strategies may include dietary modifications, such as increasing intake of antioxidants and fiber to support detoxification, and environmental changes, like using air and water filters to reduce exposure to pollutants.¹⁹

Fundamentals for Everyone

How does exposure to environmental toxins happen?

Exposure to environmental toxins can occur in several ways,²⁰ and recognizing these exposure methods is important for taking steps to minimize contact with toxins and safeguard health.

• Breathing: Airborne toxins from cars, factories, or wildfires can be inhaled.
• Eating and drinking: Toxins in contaminated food and water can cause health problems when ingested.
• Direct contact: Physical contact with contaminated soil, dust, or surfaces can result in exposure.
• Skin contact: Chemicals in products such as cleaning supplies or pesticides can be absorbed through the skin.

What factors influence the impact of environmental toxic substances?

The negative effects of environmental toxins on health can vary widely among individuals. Several factors influence these effects:²¹

• Type of toxin: Different toxins can cause different health problems.
• Amount and duration of exposure: The severity of health effects depends on how much toxin a person is exposed to and for how long.
• Genetics: A person’s genetic makeup affects their ability to break down and eliminate toxins from the body.
• Personal factors: Age, diet, and existing health conditions also play a role in how toxins impact health.

Key Environmental Toxins

An environmental toxin is any harmful substance or agent present in the environment that can negatively impact health. These toxins can be either man-made or natural and can cause significant health issues, especially with long-term exposure. Understanding these toxins and how exposure occurs is essential for taking steps to protect health.

Below are some of the most common environmental toxins and the ways exposure happens:

Air pollution

Air pollution consists of several harmful components, including particulate matter and gasses like nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3).

• Particulate matter (PM): Particulate matter is a mixture of tiny particles and droplets suspended in the air that can be composed of various substances, including metals, organic chemicals, microplastics, and soil or dust particles. They vary in size from coarse particles (PM10) to fine particles (PM2.5) that can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing inflammation and oxidative stress throughout the body, affecting various systems and leading to health problems. Research shows that exposure to PM2.5 is linked to increased rates of heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory infections.²²
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3): These gasses are associated with higher health risks, including increased rates of respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular problems, and premature death. Long-term exposure to high levels of NO2 can lead to reduced lung function and growth in children, while ozone exposure can exacerbate asthma and other lung diseases.²³

People are exposed to these pollutants primarily by breathing in polluted air, which is especially common in areas with heavy traffic, industrial emissions, or poor indoor air quality. Long-term exposure to air pollution can result in serious health issues, including respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and other systemic health conditions.²⁴

Sources of air pollution

Air pollution is a significant environmental health concern, originating from various sources and containing different harmful components. Here are some primary sources of air pollution and their impacts:²⁴

• Particulate matter (PM) Sources of PM can be natural or human-made.²⁵‍
  • Natural sources: Natural sources of particulate matter include wildfires, which produce significant amounts of PM2.5 and PM10 from burning vegetation, and dust storms that carry windblown dust from arid regions. Volcanic eruptions emit ash and fine particles into the atmosphere, while sea spray generates salt particles from ocean waves. Biological sources, such as pollen, mold spores, and other organic materials, also contribute to PM levels.‍
  • Human-made sources: Human activities significantly contribute to particulate matter. Transportation sources, including vehicle exhaust and the wear and tear of tires and brakes, release PM2.5 and PM10. Industrial activities, such as emissions from factories, power plants burning fossil fuels, and dust from construction sites, further increase PM levels. Residential activities, like wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, heating systems, and indoor cooking with solid fuels, emit particulate matter. In agriculture, dust and particles are generated from field plowing, harvesting, and animal husbandry practices. Additionally, waste management activities, including the open burning of waste and operations at landfills, release substantial amounts of particulate matter.

• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) primarily originates from the combustion of fossil fuels and has various natural and human-made sources.²⁶‍
  • Natural sources: Natural sources of nitrogen dioxide include lightning, which produces NO2 through high-temperature reactions in the atmosphere, and volcanic eruptions, which emit NO2, among other gasses. Soil bacteria involved in nitrogen cycling can also release small amounts of NO2.‍
  • Human-made sources: Human activities are major contributors to NO2 levels. Vehicles, including cars, trucks, and buses, emit NO2 from burning fossil fuels. Power plants and industrial facilities, such as refineries and manufacturing plants, also release NO2 during combustion processes. Additionally, residential heating systems, especially those using natural gas or oil, contribute to NO2 emissions. Agricultural practices, including the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers and burning of crop residues, add to NO2 levels. Finally, waste management activities, like burning waste, can produce NO2.

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2) This gas is released from industrial activities, particularly those that burn coal or oil, and can cause respiratory issues and contribute to the formation of acid rain, which can harm both the environment and health:²⁷‍
  • Natural sources: Sulfur dioxide is naturally emitted by volcanic eruptions, which release significant amounts of SO2 into the atmosphere. Additionally, wildfires and the oxidation of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere contribute to natural SO2 levels.‍
  • Human-made sources: Human activities are major contributors to sulfur dioxide emissions. Industrial processes, particularly those involving the burning of coal or oil in power plants and refineries, release large quantities of SO2. Other sources include the combustion of fossil fuels in residential heating systems and vehicles. Additionally, the smelting of metal ores and certain chemical manufacturing processes also produce SO2.

• Carbon monoxide (CO): Produced mainly by vehicles and engines, especially in areas with poor ventilation, CO can interfere with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to cells and tissues, leading to health risks:²⁷‍
  • Natural sources: Naturally, CO is produced by wildfires and volcanic eruptions.‍
  • Human-made sources: Human activities are the primary contributors, with major sources including vehicle emissions, especially from gasoline and diesel engines, and residential heating systems using fossil fuels. Additionally, industrial processes, such as steel production and certain chemical manufacturing, emit CO. In areas with poor ventilation, indoor sources like cooking with solid fuels can also produce significant amounts of CO.

• Ozone (O3): Ozone high in the atmosphere helps block some UV rays from reaching the earth, providing some protection. On the other hand, ozone that builds up at lower altitudes near the ground is a harmful gas created when pollutants react in the presence of sunlight. It can cause respiratory problems and other health issues.²⁷‍
  • Natural sources: Naturally, ozone is produced in the stratosphere, where it protects Earth from ultraviolet radiation. At ground level, however, ozone is created when pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight.‍
  • Human-made sources: Human-made sources of ground-level ozone include vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and the use of solvents and fuels. Additionally, agricultural activities and chemical manufacturing contribute to the levels of ozone precursors in the atmosphere.

Impact on health

Air pollution has significant and widespread effects on health:

Cardiovascular system

Exposure to air pollution is linked to several cardiovascular issues. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and gasses like nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can lead to high blood pressure (hypertension) and irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). Long-term exposure increases the risk of developing heart disease and can worsen existing cardiovascular conditions.²⁸

Respiratory system

Pollutants such as PM2.5, ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can trigger or exacerbate respiratory conditions. They contribute to the development of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various lung infections.²⁹ Prolonged exposure can lead to reduced lung function and increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses.³⁰

Cognition

Chronic exposure to air pollution is associated with impaired cognitive functions and an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Research indicates that long-term exposure to pollutants like PM2.5 and NO2 can accelerate cognitive decline and heighten the risk of conditions such as Alzheimer’s³¹ and Parkinson’s disease.³²

Immune system

Air pollution can weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases.³³ Pollutants like particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) can impair the function of immune cells and reduce the body's ability to fight off pathogens.³⁴

Reproductive health

Exposure to air pollution has been linked to adverse reproductive outcomes. Pollutants such as NO2 and PM2.5 can affect fertility,³⁵ lead to pregnancy complications, and result in preterm births and low birth weight.³⁶

Skin health

Air pollution can accelerate skin aging³⁷ and contribute to conditions such as eczema and dermatitis.³⁸ Pollutants like PM2.5 and ozone can increase oxidative stress, leading to inflammation and damage to skin cells.³⁹

Endocrine system

There is evidence that air pollution can affect endocrine function, potentially leading to hormonal imbalances.⁴⁰ Pollutants can interfere with hormone regulation and have been associated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity⁴¹ and diabetes.⁴² (See Weight Management 101).

Developmental effects in children

Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution. Exposure to pollutants can impact lung development, reduce lung function, and increase the risk of developing asthma and other respiratory conditions later in life.⁴³

Mental health

Emerging research suggests that air pollution may also affect mental health, contributing to conditions such as depression and anxiety. Pollutants can influence brain function and mood through inflammatory and oxidative pathways.⁴⁴

Reducing exposure to air pollution

To protect health from outdoor air pollution, consider the following actions:

• Check local air quality reports: Stay informed about current air pollution levels by checking local air quality indexes or reports. Websites and apps often provide real-time information on pollution levels.⁴⁵
• Limit outdoor activities on high pollution days: On days with high pollution levels, cut back on outdoor activities to reduce exposure, especially if dealing with respiratory or heart conditions.⁴⁶
• Exercise indoors during poor air quality: Opt for indoor workouts when air quality is poor. Indoor gyms or home exercise routines help maintain fitness without the risk of outdoor pollutants.⁴⁷ (See Exercise 101).
• Avoid high-traffic areas and industrial zones: Stay away from high-traffic and industrial zones when outdoors, as these areas often have elevated pollution levels.⁴⁸

Heavy metals

Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury pose serious health risks when encountered in the environment. Exposure can occur through polluted air, contaminated food or water, or contact with contaminated soil or dust.²¹

Sources of heavy metals

Heavy metals can enter the environment and human bodies from various sources, such as factories and mining operations, contaminated drinking water due to pollution from industrial activities, agricultural runoff, or old plumbing systems, old paint, and foods like fish or vegetables grown in contaminated soil.²¹

Lead

• Old paint: Homes built before 1978 may contain lead-based paint, with lead persisting in dust and peeling paint.⁴⁹
• Plumbing: Lead pipes and solder used in older plumbing systems can contaminate drinking water.⁵⁰
• Soil: Lead contamination can persist in soil near roads where leaded gasoline was historically used.⁵¹
• Crystal glassware: Some antique crystal glassware contains lead, which can leach into food and drink⁵²
• Stained glass: Lead solder used in stained glass can be a source of exposure during production or if it deteriorates.⁵³
• Cement plants: Industrial activities, such as cement manufacturing, can release lead into the environment.⁵⁴

Mercury

• Fish: Large predatory fish like sharks, swordfish, and tuna accumulate high levels of mercury from environmental contamination.⁵⁵
• Dental fillings: Older dental amalgam fillings contain mercury, which can slowly release into the body.⁵⁶
• Industrial pollution: Mercury is released from coal-fired power plants and some industrial processes, contaminating air, water, and soil.⁵⁷

Cadmium

• Tobacco smoke: Cadmium is found in tobacco products and can be inhaled from smoking and from secondhand smoke exposure.⁵⁸
• Industrial activities: Mining and metal smelting can release cadmium into the environment.⁵⁹
• Batteries: Nickel-cadmium batteries contain cadmium, which can leach into soil and water when not disposed of properly.⁶⁰

Arsenic

• Contaminated water: Arsenic can contaminate drinking water through industrial pollution or natural sources in groundwater.⁶¹
• Pesticides: Historically, arsenic-based pesticides were used in agriculture, and residual contamination can persist in soil.⁶²
• Wood preservatives: Arsenic was used in some wood preservatives, and old treated wood can release arsenic into the environment.⁶³

Impact on health

Exposure to heavy metals can lead to a range of health issues affecting different body systems:

• Cardiovascular system: Heavy metals can lead to high blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease.⁶⁴
• Gastrointestinal system: Heavy metal exposure can cause digestive problems and damage the liver and kidneys.⁵⁹
• Cognition: Heavy metals can impair brain function and cause developmental issues, especially in children.⁶⁵
• Skin health: Heavy metals can cause skin conditions such as dermatitis and skin lesions.⁶⁶
• Nervous system damage: Long-term exposure to heavy metals can disrupt brain development and lead to learning and behavior problems, especially in children.⁶⁵

Reducing exposure to heavy metals

To protect health, taking steps to minimize exposure to heavy metals is important:

Lead

• Use water filters: Install water filters that are specifically designed to remove lead, especially in older homes with lead pipes.
• Avoid lead-based paint: Use lead-free paint for home renovations and manage existing lead-based paint properly.
• Choose safe glassware: Avoid using antique crystal glassware and stained glass that may contain lead.
• Maintain cleanliness: Regularly wash hands, toys, and surfaces to reduce exposure to lead dust and remove shoes when entering the home.
• Check plumbing: Ensure plumbing systems are updated and free of lead components.

Mercury

• Limit fish consumption: Avoid high-mercury fish and opt for safer options like salmon, mackerel, anchovies, or sardines.
• Consult on fillings: Discuss alternatives to mercury-containing dental fillings with a dentist.
• Reduce exposure to industrial pollution: Stay informed about local air quality and avoid areas with known industrial pollution.

Cadmium

• Avoid smoking: Refrain from smoking and avoid secondhand smoke to reduce cadmium exposure.
• Dispose of batteries properly: Use recycling programs for nickel-cadmium batteries to prevent environmental contamination.

Arsenic

• Check water quality: Test drinking water for arsenic and use appropriate filters if contamination is detected.
• Choose safe products: Avoid using old pesticides and wood treated with arsenic-based preservatives.

Pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides

Pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides are chemicals widely used in agriculture to manage pests, weeds, and plant diseases. While effective in boosting crop production, these chemicals can have significant health implications. Knowing their sources, impacts, and how to reduce exposure can help protect health.

Sources of common pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides

• Glyphosate: Found in herbicides like Roundup, glyphosate is used to kill weeds and is common in non-organic agriculture.⁶⁷
• Atrazine: This herbicide, used primarily on corn, can be found in agricultural runoff and drinking water.⁶⁸
• Chlorpyrifos: An insecticide used on fruits and vegetables, chlorpyrifos can contaminate soil and water near treated fields .⁶⁹
• DDT: Although banned in many countries, DDT residues can persist in soil and some food products.⁷⁰
• Maneb: A commonly used fungicide to prevent fungal diseases in crops, which can be found in agricultural areas and food products.⁷¹
• Propiconazole: Used to control fungal diseases in cereals and fruits, propiconazole residues may be present in soil and food.⁷²

Impact on health

Exposure to pesticides can affect different aspects of health:

• Cancer: Exposure to glyphosate and maneb has been linked to an increased risk of cancers, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other malignancies.⁷³
• Endocrine disruption: Chemicals like atrazine⁷⁴ and propiconazole⁷⁵ can disrupt hormone systems, affecting reproductive health and development.
• Neurological effects: Chlorpyrifos exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental issues, such as reduced IQ and attention deficits in children.⁷⁶
• Chronic diseases: Long-term exposure to pesticides and fungicides like maneb can contribute to chronic health issues, including respiratory problems and skin conditions.⁷⁷
• Respiratory system: Pesticides can cause respiratory irritation, lead to asthma, and make breathing difficult.⁷⁸
• Gastrointestinal system: Consuming or inhaling pesticides can cause digestive issues, such as disrupting the balance of the bacteria in the gut (dysbiosis)⁷⁹ and liver damage.⁸⁰
• Skin health: Pesticides can trigger allergic reactions, cause dermatitis, and lead to itching and rashes.⁸¹

Reducing exposure to pesticides

Several strategies can help minimize pesticide exposure:

• Choose organic produce: Organic farming avoids synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Opting for organic fruits and vegetables can reduce exposure.⁸²
• Grow your own produce: Consider growing fruits and vegetables using organic gardening methods⁸³ to control pesticide use.⁸⁴
• Wash and peel fruits and vegetables: Thorough washing and peeling can help remove pesticide and fungicide residues.⁸⁵
• Filter drinking water: Use water filters designed to remove agricultural contaminants, especially in areas near farming operations.⁸⁶
• Support sustainable farming: Advocate for farms using integrated pest management (IPM) and sustainable practices that reduce reliance on chemicals.⁸⁷
• Use natural pest control: Employ non-toxic methods for managing pests, such as using natural predators or homemade remedies.⁸⁸

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals that easily become vapors or gasses and are present in many everyday products. Chemicals like benzene, toluene, and xylene, commonly found in industrial emissions and household products, can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation.⁸⁹ Exposure to these VOCs can negatively affect health, making it essential to understand their sources, impacts, and how to minimize exposure.

Sources of VOCs

• Paints and varnishes: Commonly used in home renovations and building projects, these products often release VOCs such as benzene and toluene into the air.⁹⁰
• Cleaning supplies: Many household cleaners, such as disinfectants and degreasers, contain VOCs like formaldehyde and ethylene glycol.⁹¹
• Building materials: Items like carpets, furniture, and some wall coverings can emit VOCs, including xylene and styrene.⁹²
• Office equipment: Printers, copiers, and other office machines can release VOCs like benzene and ozone into the air.⁹³
• Personal care products: Products such as perfumes, hair sprays, and deodorants often contain fragrances that can emit VOCs like acetone and methylene chloride.⁹⁴

Impact on health

• Respiratory system: VOCs can cause respiratory irritation and exacerbate conditions like asthma.⁹⁵
• Brain: Exposure to VOCs may impair cognitive function and cause headaches.⁹⁶
• Ear/nose/throat health: VOCs can irritate mucous membranes, causing discomfort in the ears, nose, and throat.⁹⁷
• Skin health: VOCs can cause allergic reactions, dermatitis, and itching.⁹⁸

Reducing exposure to VOCs

Household products

• Choose low-VOC products: Opt for paints, varnishes, and cleaners that are labeled as low-VOC or VOC-free.⁹⁹
• Use natural cleaners: Select non-toxic, natural cleaning products.
• Avoid strong chemical odors: Stay away from products with strong chemical scents and added fragrances.¹⁰⁰

Ventilation

• Ensure proper ventilation: Open windows and use exhaust fans when using products that emit VOCs.¹⁰¹
• Store chemicals safely: Keep chemicals in tightly sealed containers and in well-ventilated areas.

PFAS chemicals

PFAS chemicals, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a group of synthetic compounds widely used for their water- and grease-resistant properties,¹⁰² such as PFAS, PFOA, and PFOS. Commonly found in products like non-stick cookware, water-repellent fabrics, and stain-resistant carpets, PFAS are often referred to as "forever chemicals" because they do not break down easily in the environment or the human body. These chemicals can accumulate over time, leading to potential health risks such as cancer, liver damage, and immune system disruption.¹⁰³ Understanding and managing exposure to PFAS is important due to their persistence in the environment and ability to impact human health and ecosystems over long periods.

Sources of PFAS chemicals

• Industrial processes: PFAS are used in various manufacturing processes, including those involving non-stick coatings, waterproofing treatments, and stain-resistant products.¹⁰⁴
• Firefighting foam: Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) used in firefighting contain high levels of PFAS.¹⁰⁵
• Consumer products: PFAS are found in non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, and cleaning products.¹⁰⁶
• Food packaging: PFAS are used in food wrappers, fast-food containers, and microwave popcorn bags to resist grease and stains.¹⁰⁷
• Agricultural runoff: PFAS can enter soil and water using contaminated biosolids and fertilizers.¹⁰⁶
• Wastewater treatment plants: These facilities can release PFAS into the environment through treated effluent and biosolids.¹⁰⁸
• Contaminated sites: Areas near industries that used or manufactured PFAS may have elevated levels of these chemicals in soil and groundwater.¹⁰⁹

Impact on health

• Cancer: PFAS exposure has been linked to several types of cancer, including kidney and liver cancer, due to their ability to persist in the body and potentially cause cellular damage.¹¹⁰
• Immune system effects: PFAS can suppress the immune system, making the body less effective at fighting infections and potentially reducing vaccine effectiveness.¹¹⁰
• Thyroid disorders: These chemicals can disrupt thyroid function, leading to problems such as hypothyroidism and altered hormone levels.¹¹¹
• Developmental issues: Exposure to PFAS during pregnancy or early childhood can affect developmental milestones and may be associated with lower birth weights.¹¹²
• Liver damage: PFAS have been shown to impact liver function, potentially leading to liver disease or elevated liver enzymes.¹¹³
• Cholesterol levels: PFAS exposure is associated with increased cholesterol levels, which can contribute to cardiovascular disease.¹¹⁴
• Reproductive health problems: These chemicals may affect reproductive health, potentially leading to reduced fertility and developmental issues in offspring.¹¹⁵

Reducing exposure to PFAS chemicals

• Choose PFAS-free products: Opt for items labeled as PFAS-free, including non-stick cookware and water-resistant textiles.¹¹⁶
• Filter drinking water: Use water filters specifically designed to remove PFAS chemicals. Activated carbon filters and reverse osmosis systems are effective options.¹¹⁷
• Avoid fast food packaging: Limit fast food consumption, as its packaging may contain PFAS chemicals.¹⁰⁷
• Check for contaminated sites: Stay informed about local environmental reports and avoid areas with known PFAS contamination, such as certain industrial sites.¹⁰⁹
• Use alternatives to non-stick cookware: Prefer stainless steel or cast iron cookware over non-stick pans that may contain PFAS.¹⁰⁶
• Be cautious with stain-resistant treatments: Avoid products with stain-resistant treatments on carpets, furniture, and clothing.¹⁰⁶

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that can mimic or interfere with the body's hormones, contributing to hormonal imbalances and impacting reproductive health.¹¹⁸ Exposure can occur through ingestion of contaminated food or water, skin contact, and inhalation of dust or fumes.

Sources of EDCs

Industrial sources

• Dioxins: Byproducts of industrial processes such as paper bleaching and waste incineration.¹¹⁹
• PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls): Found in older electrical equipment and industrial waste.¹²⁰
• Alkylphenols: Used in manufacturing detergents and other industrial products.¹²¹

Agricultural origins

• Pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides: Commonly used in agriculture, these chemicals can disrupt hormones.¹²²

Household chemicals and plastics

• Phthalates: Found in plastics, personal care products, and household items.¹²³
• Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): Used as flame retardants in furniture and electronics.¹²⁴
• Bisphenol A (BPA): Common in plastic containers and can linings.¹²⁵
• Flame retardants: Often added to furniture, clothing, and other products to prevent fires but can disrupt endocrine function.¹²⁶

Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics

• Parabens: Used in medications and personal care products as preservatives.¹²⁷

Impact on health

• Reproductive health: EDCs can affect fertility, reproductive system development, and pregnancy outcomes.¹²⁸
• Hormonal disruption: EDCs can lead to early puberty and conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).¹²⁸
• Developmental issues: Exposure can impact children’s growth and development.¹²⁹
• Cancer: EDCs are linked to increased risks of hormone-related cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer.¹³⁰

Reducing exposure to EDCs

• Choose BPA-free products: Look for items labeled as BPA-free.
• Avoid plastic containers: Use glass or stainless steel for food and drink storage.¹³¹
• Read product labels: Select personal care products that do not contain harmful chemicals such as parabens, synthetic fragrances, and phthalates.⁹⁴
• Eat organic: Reduce pesticide exposure by choosing organic foods.⁸²
• Filter drinking water: Use filters designed to remove contaminants, including EDCs, from drinking water.⁸⁶

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), commonly known as secondhand smoke, contains a mix of chemicals that can cause significant health problems through oxidative stress and inflammation.¹³²

Sources of ETS

• Cigarette smoking: Direct smoke produced by burning cigarettes.
• Secondhand smoke: Smoke inhaled involuntarily by people who are smoking nearby.¹³³

Impact on Health

• Cardiovascular system: Increases the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure.¹³⁴
• Respiratory system: Exposure can trigger asthma, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory infections.¹³⁵
• Mental health: Linked to higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression.¹³⁶ (See Mental Health 101 and Stress Management 101).
• Skin health: Contributes to premature aging and skin damage, including wrinkles and decreased skin elasticity.¹³⁷
• Cancer: ETS exposure is linked to higher risks of lung cancer and other types of cancer, such as breast and nasal sinus cancer.¹³⁸

Reducing exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

• Quit smoking: Avoid starting to smoke, and if already a smoker, seek resources and support to quit.
• Avoid secondhand smoke: Establish and maintain a smoke-free environment at home and in vehicles. Avoid areas where smoking is permitted.
• Support others in quitting: Encourage and support friends, family members, and colleagues in their efforts to stop smoking.

Mold

Mold is a fungus that thrives in moist environments. It reproduces by releasing tiny spores that can travel through the air. When these spores land on wet surfaces, they can grow and spread. Some molds also create harmful mycotoxins.¹³⁹ People can be exposed to mycotoxins by breathing in airborne spores, eating or drinking contaminated food or beverages, or touching contaminated surfaces. There are several hundred known mycotoxins, with aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, and zearalenone being among the most common.¹⁴⁰ Exposure to mold can cause various health issues, especially for people with allergies, asthma, or weakened immune systems.¹⁴¹

Sources of mold¹⁴²

• Bathrooms: High humidity from showers and sinks can lead to mold growth.
• Kitchens: Leaky faucets and appliances create damp conditions favorable for mold.
• Basements: Often damp and poorly ventilated, basements can be a breeding ground for mold.
• Roofs and walls: Leaks from roofs and walls allow moisture that supports mold growth.
• Air conditioning systems: Poorly maintained systems can spread mold spores.
• Carpets and upholstery: Spills and high humidity can promote mold growth in carpets and furniture.

Impact on health

• Respiratory problems: Mold spores can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.¹⁴³
• Allergic reactions: Symptoms include sneezing, a runny nose, and skin rashes.¹⁴⁴
• Asthma attacks: Mold exposure can trigger asthma attacks in people with asthma.¹⁴⁵
• Sinus infections: Prolonged mold exposure can lead to chronic sinus infections.¹⁴⁶
• Eye irritation: Mold can cause red, itchy, or watery eyes.¹⁴⁷
• Skin irritation: Contact with mold can cause rashes and other skin issues.¹⁴⁷
• Immune system suppression: Mold can weaken the immune system, making it harder to fight off infections.¹⁴⁸

Reducing mold¹⁴⁹

• Control humidity: Keep indoor humidity levels below 60%. Use dehumidifiers and air conditioners to help control humidity.
• Fix leaks: Repair any leaks in roofs, walls, and plumbing to prevent water from entering the home.
• Ventilate: Use exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens to reduce moisture. Open windows to improve air circulation.
• Clean regularly: Clean and dry areas prone to mold growth, such as bathrooms and kitchens. Use mold-killing products to clean surfaces.
• Use mold-resistant products: When renovating, choose mold-resistant drywall and paint.
• Dry wet areas: Promptly dry any wet areas, such as after spills or flooding. Remove and replace soaked carpets or upholstery.
• Monitor indoor plants: Overwatering indoor plants can create a moist environment for mold growth. Ensure proper drainage and avoid overwatering.

Practical Strategies to Help Minimize Your Exposure to These Key Environmental Toxins

Taking steps to reduce exposure to environmental pollutants can significantly improve health. Here are some practical measures.

Diet

• Eat a varied diet: Incorporate organic fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins to support detoxification.¹⁹ (See Nutrition 101).
• Choose organic: Opt for organic produce to reduce pesticide exposure. Washing with baking soda can help remove residues.¹⁵⁰
• Hydrate: Drink plenty of water to flush out toxins.¹⁵¹
• Avoid contaminated foods: Be cautious with fish and foods from polluted areas.
• Read labels: Avoid foods with artificial additives and preservatives.

Water

• Use filters: Install water filters suited to remove contaminants.⁸⁶
• Fix leaks: Repair plumbing leaks to prevent mold growth.
• Test water: Regularly test water for contaminants, especially well water.
• Avoid plastic bottles: Use glass or stainless steel containers for drinking water.¹²⁶

Air

• Ventilate: Open windows and use exhaust fans to improve air circulation.
• Use air purifiers: Invest in HEPA air purifiers to remove pollutants and allergens.
• Reduce fossil fuel use: Limit fossil fuel use and support clean energy sources.
• Avoid indoor smoking: Keep indoor environments smoke-free.
• Control humidity: Maintain indoor humidity between 30% and 50% to reduce mold growth.¹⁵²

Personal care products

• Simplify routine: Use personal care products sparingly to reduce chemical exposure.
• Choose natural products: Opt for products free of harmful chemicals like fragrances, parabens, and phthalates.⁹⁴
• Read labels: Avoid products with synthetic fragrances and harmful preservatives.

Home environment

Many people spend up to 90% of their time indoors, where pollutants in the air can be concentrated even more than in outdoor air.¹⁵³

• Test for radon: Check for radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, and mitigate if necessary.
• Clean regularly: Use damp mops or HEPA-filter vacuums to reduce dust and allergens.¹⁵⁴
• Avoid fragranced products: Use natural or non-toxic cleaning products.
• Use non-toxic materials: Choose non-toxic materials for renovations and furnishings.
• Opt for bare floors: Minimize carpets to reduce trapped contaminants.¹⁵⁴
• Wash hands: Regular handwashing reduces exposure to flame retardants and VOCs.¹⁵⁴
• Reduce plastic use: Minimize use of plastics, especially those containing BPA.¹⁵⁵

Detoxification Basics

Detoxification is a fundamental process in the body, essential for maintaining health and well-being, especially in the modern environment filled with toxins. A root cause medicine approach understands detoxification as a complex, multi-phase process that occurs primarily in the liver but also involves the gut, kidneys, skin, and lungs.¹⁹

Liver

Detoxification is often explained as three main phases, with the first two phases taking place in the liver:

• In Phase 1, toxins are transformed into intermediate compounds in the liver by enzymes known as cytochrome P450. While this step makes toxins more water-soluble, it also creates free radicals, which can be damaging if not adequately neutralized. This is where antioxidants like vitamins C and E, as well as glutathione, play a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress.¹⁹
• In Phase 2 detoxification, the body takes those intermediate compounds and attaches them to molecules like glutathione, sulfate, or methyl groups through processes like sulfation and methylation. These reactions render toxins harmless and prepare them for excretion via urine or bile. Nutrient cofactors such as B vitamins (especially B6, B12, and folate), magnesium, and amino acids like cysteine, glycine, and taurine are essential for these processes.¹⁹

Overall, adequate protein intake is vital for detoxification, as amino acids from protein are the building blocks for glutathione and other critical compounds involved in detoxification.¹⁹

Phase 3

Beyond the liver, the gut, skin, kidneys, and lungs all play crucial roles in detoxification, forming a comprehensive system that works together to eliminate toxins from the body. Phase 3 detoxification refers to the final step in the body's detoxification process, where the body eliminates the conjugated toxins that were processed in phases 1 and 2. In this phase, the detoxified substances are transported out of the cells and excreted through urine, bile, or stool.¹⁵⁶

Efficient phase 3 detoxification relies on proper bile flow, kidney function, and gut health to ensure that the toxins are fully eliminated from the body, preventing their reabsorption or recirculation. This phase underscores the importance of supporting the liver, kidneys, and digestive system for comprehensive detoxification.

Gut

The gut plays a crucial role in detoxification by not only absorbing nutrients but also preventing toxins from entering the bloodstream and facilitating their elimination. In phase 3 detoxification, after the liver processes and conjugates toxins in phases 1 and 2, these waste products are excreted into bile and then transferred to the intestines. Here, the gut microbiome assists in breaking down some toxins and supporting their movement through the digestive tract. The gut lining acts as a barrier, while beneficial bacteria help metabolize harmful substances, preventing their absorption into the bloodstream.¹⁵⁷

The gut microbiome plays a significant role in detoxification by breaking down toxins, supporting immune function, and maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier. Beneficial bacteria in the gut can metabolize harmful substances, preventing them from being absorbed into the bloodstream.¹⁵⁸ They also help produce short-chain fatty acids that strengthen the gut lining, reducing the risk of toxins leaking into the body—a condition known as "leaky gut".¹⁵⁹ Additionally, fiber from the diet binds to toxins in the gut, aiding in their excretion through stool.¹⁶⁰

Maintaining a healthy balance of gut bacteria through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and other supplements can enhance the body's natural detoxification processes and protect against various diseases.

Kidneys

The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in urine. Proper hydration is essential to keep the kidneys functioning efficiently, ensuring toxins are removed and not reabsorbed.¹⁶¹

Skin

The skin is the body’s largest organ and plays a role in detoxification through sweat. Sweating helps eliminate certain toxins, including heavy metals and endocrine disruptors.¹⁶² Regular physical activity and practices like sauna therapy can enhance this process.

Lungs

The lungs expel volatile compounds, such as carbon dioxide and other toxins, through breath. Breathing deeply and maintaining good lung health is crucial for efficient detoxification.¹⁶³

Detoxification Support

By supporting these detox systems and pathways, it is possible to enhance the body’s ability to cope with environmental toxins, reducing the burden on organs like the liver and ultimately improving overall health.

Work with a root cause-focused physician to implement protocols to reduce the body's burden of heavy metals and other toxins. Changes may include dietary and lifestyle approaches, chelation therapy, and supporting liver function.

• Sweat regularly: Use saunas or hot baths to aid detoxification.
• Exercise: Aerobic and resistance exercises aid detoxification by enhancing the blood flow of nutrients and oxygen to key organs that process and eliminate toxins. (See Exercise 101).
• Support gut health: To support a healthy gut and regular digestion and elimination, choose gut-friendly foods that are rich in fiber, probiotics, and prebiotics, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fermented foods.
• Supplementation: Integrate personalized supplementation when needed to support your detoxification needs. (See Supplements 101).

Nutrients to support detoxification

Nutrients are essential for supporting the body's detoxification processes, including methylation and sulfation pathways, as well as for overall liver, kidney, and gut health. These nutrients provide essential cofactors for detox pathways, protect organs from oxidative stress, and facilitate the removal of toxins from the body.

• B vitamins, especially folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, are vital for methylation, a process that transforms toxins into water-soluble compounds for excretion.¹⁹
• Sulfur-containing nutrients like N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and sulfur-rich foods such as garlic and onions support the body's detox process by helping to break down and remove toxins. They support sulfation (another key detox pathway) that is essential for eliminating certain type of toxins from the body.¹⁹
• Protein and amino acids play a fundamental role in detoxification as they provide the building blocks for detoxification enzymes and antioxidant molecules.¹⁹
• Glutathione, a critical antioxidant for detoxification, is synthesized from amino acids like cysteine, glycine, and glutamate.¹⁶⁴
• Magnesium supports over 300 biochemical reactions, including those involved in detoxification.¹⁶⁵
• Zinc is crucial for antioxidant defense and detoxification enzyme function.¹⁶⁶
• Selenium helps neutralize heavy metals and supports overall antioxidant defenses.¹⁶⁷
• Vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative stress and supports the detoxification process by enhancing the elimination of toxins.¹⁶⁸
• Fiber aids in the elimination of toxins through the feces and supports a balanced gut microbiome.¹⁶⁰
• Probiotics support gut health and maintain a balanced microbiome, which helps to break down toxins and produce beneficial compounds that support overall detoxification pathways.¹⁵⁸

Together, these nutrients and factors help optimize the body's ability to handle and eliminate environmental toxins effectively.

Detoxification support protocol

A combination of dietary and lifestyle adjustments and key supplements and nutrients can help support the body's natural detoxification processes. By providing targeted support for each phase of detoxification—methylation for phase 1, antioxidant protection for phase 2, and elimination support for phase 3—this protocol can be personalized to address individual needs and enhance the body's ability to effectively remove toxins. A detoxification protocol like this can help optimize liver function, protect against oxidative stress, and ensure proper elimination of harmful substances, promoting overall health and well-being.

Dietary and lifestyle adjustments

• Hydrate: Drink at least eight glasses of water daily to help flush out toxins.
• Diet: Focus on a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Incorporate foods high in fiber and antioxidants. (See Nutrition 101).
• Avoid: Reduce intake of processed foods, sugar, and foods high in pesticides. Opt for organic produce when possible.
• Exercise: Engage in regular physical activity to promote circulation, sweating, and detoxification processes. (See Exercise 101).

Supplements

Supplements can support these detoxification pathways by enhancing liver function, strengthening gut integrity, aiding kidney filtration, and promoting skin health. (See Supplements 101).

Methylation formula

• Benefits: Supports detoxification, DNA repair, and neurotransmitter balance.¹⁹
• Dosage: 1-2 capsules.
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mechanism of action: Provides essential methyl donors like B vitamins (B6, B12, folate) to support methylation pathways,¹⁶⁹ critical for detoxifying heavy metals and other toxins.

Alpha lipoic acid

• Benefits: Strong antioxidant with metal-chelating properties.¹⁷⁰
• Dosage: 300 mg.
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mechanism of action: Alpha-lipoic acid is a potent antioxidant that can chelate heavy metals from the body, aiding in their removal and reducing oxidative stress. Helps recycle antioxidants like glutathione and vitamin C, and binds to heavy metals, facilitating their removal from the body.

Multivitamin with selenium, zinc, vitamin C, and magnesium

• Benefits: Provides essential nutrients that support detox pathways and overall health. Enhances detoxification and protects against heavy metal toxicity.¹⁶⁷
• Dosage: 1 tablet or capsule or as directed.
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mechanism of action: Ensures adequate intake of vitamins and minerals, including selenium and zinc, which are critical for antioxidant defenses and liver detoxification enzymes. Selenium supports the removal of mercury and other heavy metals from the body, acting as an essential cofactor in antioxidant defense systems.¹⁶⁷ Zinc supports detoxification by enhancing enzyme function, boosting antioxidant defenses, and maintaining a healthy immune system, all of which help the body metabolize and eliminate toxins effectively.¹⁶⁶ As a potent antioxidant, vitamin C helps protect cells from oxidative stress and supports the detoxification process by enhancing the elimination of toxins.¹⁶⁸ Magnesium supports over 300 biochemical reactions, including those involved in detoxification.¹⁶⁵

Milk thistle

• Benefits: Protects liver function and aids in detoxification.¹⁷¹
• Dosage: 200-400 mg.
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mechanism of action: Known for its liver-protective properties, milk thistle contains silymarin, which supports liver function and helps detoxify harmful substances.

Curcumin

• Benefits: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant support.¹⁷²
• Dosage: 500-1,000 mg.
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mechanism of action: The active component in turmeric, curcumin, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that support detoxification and liver health.

Glutathione

• Benefits: Supports detoxification and protects against oxidative stress.¹⁶⁴
• Dosage: 250-500 mg (liposomal form).
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mechanism of action: Often referred to as the body’s master antioxidant, glutathione helps neutralize free radicals and supports detoxification by enhancing liver function. Most effective when in liposomal, intravenous, or nebulized forms.

Resveratrol

• Benefits: Antioxidant support and mitigation of liver damage.¹⁷³
• Dosage: 100-500 mg.
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mechanism of action: Resveratrol has antioxidant properties that support detoxification pathways and may help reduce liver damage caused by exposure to toxins.

Binders and chelators

Binders and chelators are substances used in detoxification to help remove toxins from the body. Binders, such as activated charcoal, work by binding to toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption.¹⁷⁴ While chelators, like chlorella and cilantro, help remove heavy metals and other harmful substances by binding to them in the bloodstream and facilitating their excretion.¹⁶⁴ They may be used to support the body's natural detoxification processes and reduce the toxic burden on organs like the liver and kidneys.

Citrus Pectin

• Benefits: Assists in removing heavy metals and other toxins.¹⁷⁵
• Dosage: 6-10 grams.
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mechanism of action: This nutrient is derived from the inner peel of citrus fruits. The pectin is broken down into smaller fragments that can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and enter the bloodstream. In the bloodstream, the pectin binds to heavy metals and other toxins, helping to remove them from the body.

Chlorella

• Benefits: Binds to heavy metals and supports detoxification.¹⁷⁶
• Dosage: 3-5 grams.
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mode of action: This green algae is known for its ability to bind to heavy metals and other toxins, aiding in their elimination from the body. It is often used to detoxify heavy metals and support liver function.

Cilantro

• Benefits: Supports chelation of heavy metals, particularly mercury.¹⁶⁴
• Dosage: 1-2 tablespoons of fresh cilantro or equivalent supplement.
• Frequency: Daily.
• Mode of action: Cilantro contains compounds that can help chelate heavy metals, particularly mercury, and promote their excretion.

Activated charcoal

• Benefits: Binds to toxins in the gastrointestinal tract.¹⁷⁷
• Dosage: 500-1,000 mg.
• Frequency: As needed and directed under careful supervision.
• Mode of action: This supplement can bind to toxins and chemicals in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing their absorption and aiding their elimination.

Testing for Environmental Toxin Exposure

Function tests

Laboratory testing related to environmental toxins, detoxification, and liver function accessible with a Function membership can help monitor exposure to toxins, assess the body's detoxification capabilities, and evaluate liver health.

Heavy metals

• Mercury: Assesses mercury levels from sources like seafood and industrial emissions, which can impair neurological function.
• Aluminum (plasma/serum): Measures aluminum levels in the blood, which can accumulate from environmental exposure and affect health.
• Arsenic: Tests for arsenic exposure, often from contaminated water or soil, linked to various health issues.
• Lead: Tests blood for lead levels, which can indicate exposure from sources like old paint, contaminated soil, or plumbing.

CIRS

• Complement component C4a: Measures inflammatory responses related to mold exposure. Elevated levels can indicate ongoing inflammation due to mold.
• Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9): Evaluates tissue remodeling and inflammation that can be linked to mold exposure. Elevated MMP-9 levels can indicate ongoing inflammatory processes.
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): Assesses levels of MSH, which can be affected by mold exposure and influence inflammation and immune response.
• Osmolality: Measures the concentration of solutes in the blood or urine, which can be influenced by chronic inflammation or toxin exposure.
• Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): Evaluates the presence of PAI-1, a marker of inflammation and fibrosis that can be elevated in response to mold exposure.

PFAS chemicals

• PFAS: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of human-made chemicals characterized by their carbon-fluorine bonds, which make them resistant to water and oil. PFAS are used in various industrial and consumer products for their water- and grease-resistant properties.
• Branched PFOS Isomers: Branched perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) isomers are a specific type of PFOS with a branched molecular structure differing from the linear form. These isomers are used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications due to their stability and resistance to degradation.
• PFOS: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a type of PFAS used in fire-fighting foams, stain repellents, and other applications. It is known for its strong chemical bonds, which make it resistant to degradation.
• PFOA: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a type of PFAS used in the manufacturing of non-stick coatings and other products. It is known for its stability and persistence.

Other chemicals

• Bisphenol A (BPA) total: Assesses exposure to BPA, a chemical found in many plastics, linked to endocrine disruption.

Detoxification and liver function

• Albumin: Evaluates liver function and protein production critical for detoxification.
• Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): Assesses liver health and detoxification processes.
• Total bilirubin: Indicates how well the liver is removing toxins from the bloodstream.
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): Measures liver enzyme levels to detect inflammation or damage.
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Evaluates liver enzyme levels to assess liver function and damage.
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): Tests liver function and the condition of bile ducts, relevant in detoxification.

Kidney

• Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): Measures kidney function and how well it filters out waste products.
• Creatinine: Assesses kidney function and potential damage from toxins.
• Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): Evaluates overall kidney function and efficiency in detoxification.

These tests are essential for understanding the impact of environmental toxins on your health and optimizing detoxification processes.

Other tests

Additional tests and wearable devices can give further insights into environmental toxin exposure. These tools help monitor various factors that can impact health and provide insights into toxin levels and exposures.

Chemical exposures

• Parabens: Measures parabens in the body, commonly used as preservatives in cosmetics, which can interfere with hormonal systems.
• Phthalates: Tests for levels of phthalates, which are found in many personal care products and plastics and can affect hormonal balance.
• Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): These are flame retardants found in various household items. They can be measured in blood or fat tissue.
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Chemicals like benzene, toluene, and xylene that can be found in air or urine. Exposure can be monitored through breath analysis or urine metabolites.

Urine heavy metals

• Urine heavy metals: Measures the concentration of heavy metals like mercury, lead, and cadmium in the urine. Urine testing for heavy metals measures excreted levels over time, reflecting both current and past exposure, while blood testing captures recent exposure and circulating levels at the moment of the test.

Additional pesticides

• Organophosphates: A class of pesticides that includes chemicals like malathion and chlorpyrifos. Exposure is often measured through biomarkers in urine, such as dialkyl phosphates.
• Carbamates: This group includes pesticides like carbaryl and methomyl. Exposure can be assessed through urine tests for specific metabolites.
• Pyrethroids: Synthetic chemicals modeled after natural pyrethrins. Urinary metabolites such as 3-PBA (3-phenoxybenzoic acid) can indicate exposure to these chemicals.

Liver function

• Direct (conjugated) bilirubin: Shows liver function in processing and removing toxins.

Inflammation

• Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): Assesses VEGF levels, which are involved in angiogenesis and can be influenced by chronic inflammation or mold exposure.

Mycotoxin tests: Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain molds that can be harmful when inhaled, ingested, or come into contact with the skin. Testing for mycotoxins can help identify exposure to these harmful substances. Here are some common methods for testing mycotoxin exposure:

• Urine mycotoxin testing: Measures the presence of mycotoxins in urine, which can indicate recent exposure. Tests may detect mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and trichothecenes.
• Serum testing for mold exposure: These blood tests can help assess chronic exposure to mold and a triggered immune response.‍
  • Mold antibody testing: Detects antibodies to mold species, indicating an immune response to mold exposure and helping to identify mold-related allergies or sensitivities.‍
  • Mycotoxin antibody testing: Measures antibodies against toxins produced by mold to assess the body's reaction to these toxins and guide targeted detoxification efforts.

Testing for mold in the home involves several methods to identify both mold presence and mold-related contaminants:

• Air sampling: Measures the concentration of mold spores and mycotoxins in the air. Air samples are collected using pumps and analyzed in a lab to identify mold species and concentration.
• Surface sampling: Detects mold growth on surfaces. Swabs or tape lifts are used to collect samples from surfaces like walls, floors, and furniture. These samples are then analyzed to identify mold species.
• Bulk sampling: Identifies mold growth in building materials. Samples of materials (such as drywall or insulation) are collected and analyzed for mold contamination.
• Moisture detection: Identifies sources of moisture that may lead to mold growth. Uses moisture meters and infrared cameras to detect hidden moisture and potential mold growth areas.
• Visual inspection: Identifies visible signs of mold growth. Inspectors look for mold growth, water damage, and other indicators of mold problems.
• Professional mold testing: Provides a comprehensive assessment of mold contamination. Certified mold inspectors use a combination of the above methods to assess mold levels and recommend remediation strategies.

Wearables

• Air quality monitors: Devices that measure indoor and outdoor air quality, including pollutants like VOCs and particulate matter. They can help individuals understand their exposure levels and take preventive actions.¹⁷⁸
• Personal exposure sensors: Wearable sensors that detect exposure to specific environmental toxins, such as heavy metals or pesticides. They provide real-time data on exposure levels.¹⁷⁹
• Fitness trackers with environmental sensors: Advanced fitness trackers that include sensors for environmental factors such as air quality and UV exposure. They help users monitor how environmental conditions impact their health.¹⁸⁰‍

Key Takeaways

Environmental health examines how environmental factors impact human health. It is important because our well-being is closely linked to the environment, and exposure to pollutants and toxins can lead to serious health problems.

Environmental toxins come in various forms and sources:

• Heavy metals: Such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and aluminum are found in contaminated water, soil, and certain foods; heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic can cause neurological, developmental, and cardiovascular issues.
• Pesticides and herbicides: Used in agriculture, these chemicals can disrupt endocrine functions and contribute to various health issues, including cancer and developmental problems.
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Including BPA, phthalates, and some pesticides. Emitted by paints, cleaning supplies, and building materials, VOCs can cause respiratory and cognitive issues.
• Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs): Found in plastics, personal care products, and pesticides, EDCs can interfere with hormonal systems, leading to reproductive and developmental problems.
• Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): Secondhand smoke from cigarettes can increase the risk of heart disease, respiratory problems, and cancer.
• Mold: Thrives in damp conditions and releases spores and mycotoxins that affect health.

Health impacts

Exposure to these toxins can lead to a range of health issues.

• Heavy metals are linked to neurological damage, kidney problems, and cancer.
• Pesticides and herbicides can disrupt hormonal balance, increase cancer risk, and cause developmental issues.
• VOCs are associated with respiratory problems, cognitive impairment, and skin conditions.
• EDCs can disrupt reproductive health, lead to hormonal imbalances, and increase cancer risks.
• Mold exposure can cause respiratory issues and allergic reactions as well as weaken the immune system.

Assessment and testing

Assessing toxin exposure involves various tests:

• Blood and urine tests can measure heavy metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, and aluminum.
• For pesticides and herbicides, urine tests for organophosphates and carbamates, as well as blood tests for organochlorines, are useful.
• VOC exposure can be assessed through air quality tests and biomarkers in urine.
• EDCs can be detected through blood and urine tests for chemicals such as BPA and phthalates.
• Mold exposure is evaluated using airborne spore counts and biomarkers like Complement Component C4a, MSH, and MMP-9.

Practical strategies to reduce exposure

To minimize exposure, several practical steps can be taken:

• Diet plays a pivotal role. Eating a varied diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports detoxification. Choosing organic produce and thoroughly washing foods can reduce pesticide residues. Drinking filtered water and being cautious with seafood from contaminated sources also help. (See Nutrition 101).
• Water management includes using appropriate water filters, regularly testing water, avoiding plastic bottles, and fixing leaks to prevent mold.
• Air quality can be improved by enhancing ventilation with air purifiers, maintaining smoke-free environments, and controlling indoor humidity. Reducing fossil fuel use and using natural or non-toxic cleaning products are also beneficial.
• In personal care, opting for natural products and avoiding those with synthetic chemicals can reduce toxin exposure.
• Home environment adjustments involve testing for radon, cleaning with HEPA-filtered vacuums, using non-toxic materials for home improvements, and minimizing plastic use.
• Detoxification support involves a combination of lifestyle changes and supplements. Consider taking alpha-lipoic acid, glutathione, citrus pectin, selenium, or other targeted supplements to aid the body’s detoxification processes based on personalized recommendations. Engaging in regular exercise, using saunas, and maintaining a healthy gut microbiome can further support detoxification. For personalized detoxification protocols and assessments, consulting with healthcare professionals is recommended.

By understanding these aspects of environmental health and implementing practical strategies, individuals can enhance their well-being and create a healthier living environment.